This project grew out of a longstanding collaboration between Johnson, Craig, and Duke University Professor Michael Rubinstein, who is also a senior author of the paper. Here, the toughness enhancement comes without any other significant change in physical properties-at least that we can measure-and it is brought about through the replacement of only a small fraction of the overall material," says Stephen Craig, a professor of chemistry at Duke University who is also a senior author of the paper. "Polymer engineers know how to make materials tougher, but it invariably involves changing some other property of the material that you don't want to change. The properties of the two are indistinguishable, other than how much harder it is to tear the one on the left as a result of the embedded mechanophores. Two rubbery elastomers made with mechanophore cross-linkers (left) vs.
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